{"id":761,"date":"2021-03-25T19:39:17","date_gmt":"2021-03-25T16:39:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/iwp.kg\/?page_id=761"},"modified":"2026-02-01T22:39:12","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T19:39:12","slug":"%d1%82%d1%8f%d0%bd%d1%8c-%d1%88%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d0%b2%d1%8b%d1%81%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%b3%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%83%d1%87%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d1%86%d0%b5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/iwp.kg\/?page_id=761","title":{"rendered":"\u0422\u042f\u041d\u042c-\u0428\u0410\u041d\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0419 \u0412\u042b\u0421\u041e\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e\u0420\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420 (\u0422\u0428\u0412\u041d\u0426)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0422\u0428\u0412\u041d\u0426.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

  1. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441 <\/em><\/strong>1948 \u0433.- \u00a0\u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
  2. \u0413\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 <\/em><\/strong>1956-1997\u0433\u0433., \u0441 2007 \u0433- \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
  3. \u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 <\/em><\/strong>1954-1990 \u0433\u0433., \u0441 2013 \u0433- \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/span><\/li>
  4. \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f — <\/em><\/strong>\u0441 2008 \u0433 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
  5. \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f — <\/em><\/strong>\u0441 <\/em>2014 \u0433 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
  6. \u0421\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043a-\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c — \u0441 <\/em><\/strong>2008 \u0433 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
  7. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0422\u044f\u043d\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u0440. \u0427\u043e\u043d-\u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b-\u0421\u0443\u0443- <\/em><\/strong>\u0441 2015 \u0433. \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
  8. \u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0422\u044f\u043d\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f- <\/em><\/strong>\u0441 2018 \u0433. \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ol>

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0422\u0428\u0424\u0413\u0421 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d \u0440. \u0427\u043e\u043d-\u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b-\u0421\u0443\u0443. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430-\u0411\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043a (\u0422\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0430-\u0422\u043e\u043e), \u0421\u0430\u0440\u044b-\u0422\u043e\u0440 (\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0410\u043a\u0448\u044b\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043a) \u0438 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0443 (\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432 \u0410\u043a\u0448\u044b\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043a).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    5. \u0410\u041c\u0421 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430-\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0443\u043d, 1609 \u043c\t 4.\u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b-\u0421\u0443\u0443\t 4.\u0413\u041f \u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b-\u0421\u0443\u0443, 1780 \u043c 3.\u0413\u041f \u041b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u043e\u043d, 2000\u043c 1.\u0410\u041c\u0421 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430-\u0411\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043a, 3420 \u0420\u0438\u0441. 1. \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0422\u0428\u0412\u041d\u0426 \u0432 \u0431\u0430\u0441\u0441.\u0440.\u0427\u043e\u043d-\u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b-\u0421\u0443\u0443<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t
    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

    \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c (\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 19 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f) \u043e\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 (\u041a\u0420), \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438 (\u0426\u0410), \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. 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    \u041e\u0421\u041d\u041e\u0412\u041d\u042b\u0415 \u0412\u042b\u0412\u041e\u0414\u042b<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

    1. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0420, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0426\u0410, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
    2. \u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043a.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
    3. \u041b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0426\u0410 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0430 \u0443\u0439\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0445\u043e\u043b \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
    4. \u0417\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u044b \u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0445. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u041a\u0420 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u044c\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0445.<\/em><\/span><\/li>
    5. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043a-\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0430. <\/em><\/span><\/li>
    6. \u041d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0418\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043a-\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435: \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ol>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0417\u0410\u041a\u041b\u042e\u0427\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0422\u0428\u0412\u041d\u0426 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (Impact Factor) \u0422\u0428\u0412\u041d\u0426 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

      Hydrologic controls and water vulnerabilities in the Naryn River basin, Kyrgyzstan: a case study of water stressors in Central Asia<\/span><\/p>

      Alice F. Hill1,2,<\/sup>*, Cholpon Kozubekovna Minbaeva2<\/sup>, Alana M. Wilson1,2<\/sup>, Rysbek Satylkanov3<\/sup><\/span><\/p>

      1<\/sup><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 University of Colorado-Boulder Geography department<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      2<\/sup><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      3<\/sup><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 Kyrgyz Institute of Water Problems and Hydropower<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      *<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Correspondence: alice.hill@colorado.edu; Tel.: +1-720-369-3009<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Academic Editor: name<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Received: date; Accepted: date; Published: date<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Abstract: <\/em><\/strong>Water vulnerabilities in Central Asia are affected by a complex combination of climate sensitive water sources, trans-boundary political tensions, infrastructure deficiencies and a lack of water management organization from community to federal levels. This study aims to clarify the drivers of water stress across the 440kmNaryn River basin, headwater stem to the Syr Darya and the disappearing North Aral Sea. We use a combination of human and physical geography approachesto understand the meltwater-controlled hydrology of the system (using hydrochemical mixing models) as well as the human-water experience (via community surveys). Current water stress is primarily a function of water management and access issues resulting from the clunky transition from Soviet era large-scale agriculture to post-Soviet small plot farming.\u00a0 Snow and ice meltwaters play a dominant role in the surface and ground water supplies to downstream communities across the study\u2019s 4220m elevation gradient, so future increases to water stress due to changes in volume and timing of water supply is likely given frozen waters\u2019 high sensitivity to warming temperatures. The combined influence of social, political and climate induced pressures on water supplies in the Naryn basin suggest the need for proactive planning and adaptation strategies, and warrant concern for similar melt-sourced Central Asian watersheds. <\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Keywords: <\/em><\/strong>mountain hydrology; glacial runoff; meltwater; cryosphere; groundwater; downstream water vulnerability; Central Asia; Aral Sea basin<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      remote sensing\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      Absolute calibration \/ validation of the altimeters on sentinel-3A and Jason-3 over the lake<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      Issykkul.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      J-F Cretaux(1), M. Berg\u00e9-Nguyen(1), S. Calmant(2), N. Jamangulova(3), R. Satylkanov(3), F. Lyard(4), F. Perosanz(5), J. Verron(6), A. SamineMontazem(1,7), G. Le Guilcher(8), D.Leroux(9), J. Barrie(9), P. Maisongrande(1) and P. Bonnefond(10)<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (1) LEGOS\/CNES, Toulouse, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (2) LEGOS\/IRD, Toulouse, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (3) IWPB, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (4) LEGOS\/CNRSToulouse, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (5) GET\/CNES, Toulouse, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (?) IGE\/CNRS, Grenoble, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (7) LEGOS\/UPS, Toulouse, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (8) GIM, Paris, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (9) CNRM\/Meteo France, Toulouse, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      (10)SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9s,UPMC Univ. Paris 06, LNE, Paris, France<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Abstract<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Within the framework of the Jason-2 mission, a Calibration \/ Validation (C\/V) project, named FOAM, including continental waters (Rivers and lakes) has been setup in 2007. It includes installation of permanent sites (weather stations, limnigraphs, GPS reference points) and regular field campaigns and it has been extended to each of the recent altimeters in orbit: Saral\/AltikA (Verron et al., 2018), Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A. The lake Issykkul in Kyrgyzstan<\/em><\/span>is part of this network of C\/V sites. In 2016 and 2017, three campaigns have been organized over this lake in order to estimate the absolute bias of the nadir altimeter on Jason-3 which operates in Low Resolution Mode (LRM) and the altimeter onboard Sentinel-3A which operates in SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) mode. We also have evaluated the accuracy of these two altimeters over lakes. C\/V studies using sites in the ocean have a long history and protocols are well established. Over lakes this is more recent but in turn it allows addressing other problems such as the performance of the various retracking algorithms and evaluating the accuracy of the geophysical corrections. This is achievable when measurements of specific and numerous field campaigns and ground permanent network of level gauges and weather stations are processed to detect biases, errors in the geophysical corrections, and accuracy of altimeters.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Advances in Space Research\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

      Mapping Mean Lake Surface from satellite altimetry and GPS kinematic survey.<\/span><\/p>

      Manuscript Number:<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Article Type: ES — Earth Sciences<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Keywords: Satellite altimetry; GPS survey; mean lake surface; geoid<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Corresponding Author: jean-francoisCretaux CNES Toulouse, FRANCE<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      First Author: Muriel Berge-Nguyen<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Order of Authors: Muriel Berge-Nguyen, jean-francoisCretaux, Stephane Calmant, Sara Fleury, Rysbek Satylkanov, Dokturbek Chontoev, Pascal Bonnefond<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Abstract: Lake water height is a key variable in water cycle and climate change studies, which is achievable using satellite altimetry constellation. A method based on data processing of altimetry from several satellites has been developed to interpolate mean lake surface (MLS) over a set of 22 big lakes distributed on the Earth. It has been applied on nadir radar altimeters in Low Resolution Mode (LRM: Jason-3, Saral\/AltiKa, CryoSat-2) in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode (Sentinel-3A), and in SAR interferometric (SARin) mode (CryoSat-2), and on laser altimetry (ICESat). Validation of the method has been performed using a set of kinematic GPS height profiles from<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a018 field campaigns over the lake Issykkul, by comparison of altimetry\u2019s height at crossover points for the other lakes and using the laser altimetry on ICESat-2 mission. The precision reached ranges from 3 to 7 cm RMS (Root Mean Square) depending on the lakes. Currently, lake water level inferred from satellite altimetry is provided with<\/em><\/span>respect to an ellipsoid. Ellipsoidal heights are converted into orthom\u00e9tric heights using geoid models interpolated along the satellite tracks. These global geoid models were inferred from geodetic satellite missions coupled with absolute and regional anomaly gravity data sets spread over the Earth. However, the spatial resolution of the current<\/em><\/span>geoid models does not allow capturing short wavelength undulations that may reach decimeters in mountaineering regions or for rift lakes (Baikal, Issykkul, Malawi, Tanganika). We interpolate in this work the geoid height anomalies with three recent geoid models, the EGM2008, XGM2016 and EIGEN-6C4d, and compare them with the Mean Surface of 22 lakes calculated using satellite altimetry. Assuming that MLS mimics the local undulations of the geoid, our study shows that over a large set of lakes, short wavelength undulations of the geoid in poorly sampled areas such as Lakes can be derived using satellite altimetry. The models used in this study present very similar geographical patterns when compared to MLS. The precision of the models largely depends on the location of the lakes and is about 18 cm (Pavlis et al., 2012), in average over the Earth. MLS can serve as a validation dataset for any future geoid model. It will also be useful for validation of the future mission SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) which will measure and map water heights over the lakes with a high horizontal resolution of 250 by 250 meters.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u041a\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438<\/em><\/strong>, 2019, \u0442. XXIII, \u2116 3, \u0441. 33\u201351 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      http:\/\/www.izdatgeo.ru<\/span><\/p>

      \u0423\u0414\u041a 551.89 551.583.7 DOI: 10.21782\/KZ1560-7496-2019-3(33-51)<\/span><\/p>

      \u041c\u041e\u0414\u0415\u041b\u042c\u041d\u042b\u0415 \u0418\u0421\u0421\u041b\u0415\u0414\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u042f \u042d\u0412\u041e\u041b\u042e\u0426\u0418\u0418 \u0413\u041e\u0420\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u041b\u0415\u0414\u041d\u0418\u041a\u041e\u0412 \u041d\u0410 \u041f\u0420\u0418\u041c\u0415\u0420\u0415 \u041b\u0415\u0414\u041d\u0418\u041a\u0410 \u0421\u0410\u0420\u042b<\/strong>\uf6ba<\/strong>\u0422\u041e\u0420 (\u0412\u041d\u0423\u0422\u0420\u0415\u041d\u041d\u0418\u0419 \u0422\u042f\u041d\u042c<\/strong>\uf6ba<\/strong>\u0428\u0410\u041d\u042c)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u041e.\u041e. \u0420\u044b\u0431\u0430\u043a1\u20133<\/sup>, \u0415.\u0410. \u0420\u044b\u0431\u0430\u043a1,2<\/sup>, \u041d.\u0410. \u042f\u0438\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f1,2<\/sup>, \u0412.\u0412. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043d4<\/sup>, \u0418.\u0418. \u041b\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044c\u0435\u04325<\/sup>,<\/span><\/p>

      \u0420. \u0421\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u04326<\/sup>, \u0411. \u0416\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0435\u04327<\/sup><\/span><\/p>

      1 \u0421\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0420\u0410\u041d, 354000, \u0421\u043e\u0447\u0438, \u0443\u043b. \u0422\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f, 8\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; o.o.rybak@gmail.com<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      2 \u0424\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, 354024, \u0421\u043e\u0447\u0438, \u041a\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043f., 99\/18, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      3 \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0411\u0440\u044e\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u041e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438, B-1050, \u0411\u0440\u044e\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u041f\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0430\u043d, 2, \u0411\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0433\u0438\u044f<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      4 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0444-\u0442,119991, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b, 1, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      5 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u0420\u0410\u041d, 119017, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440., 29, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      6 \u0422\u044f\u043d\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u041a\u0420, 722400, \u0441. \u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b-\u0421\u0443\u0443, \u0443\u043b. \u0427\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430, 9, \u0418\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043a-\u041a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b., \u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      7 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u041a\u0420, 720033, \u0411\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043a, \u0443\u043b. \u0424\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0437\u0435, 533, \u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/em><\/span>\u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u044b-\u0422\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0410\u043a-\u0428\u0438\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043a \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0422\u044f\u043d\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0441\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 2014\u20132016 \u0433\u0433. \u0414\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 10 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 90 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b<\/em><\/span>\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0422\u044f\u043d\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044c\u2013\u041a\u0443\u043c\u0442\u043e\u0440. \u0412 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 0\u20134 \u00b0\u0421\/100 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c 2014\u20132016 \u0433\u0433., \u0432\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0434\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e 2100 \u0433. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b (+4 \u00b0\u0421\/100 \u043b\u0435\u0442) \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0<\/em><\/span>Comparison of drought-sensitive tree-ring records from the Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan<\/span><\/p>

      and Xinjiang (China) during the last six centuries<\/span><\/p>

      Hui-Qin Wang, Feng Chen, Ermenbaev Bakytbek, Satylkanov Rysbek<\/span><\/p>

      PII: S1674-9278(16)30044-2<\/span><\/p>

      DOI: 10.1016\/j.accre.2017.03.004<\/span><\/p>

      Abstract<\/em><\/span><\/h2>

      In this study, tree-ring width data of Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) from the upper\u00a0<\/em>timberline<\/em><\/a>\u00a0of the Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan) were analyzed to investigate the\u00a0<\/em>effect of climate change<\/em><\/a>. Growth\u2013climate response analyses revealed that the tree rings of spruce at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan also can provide hydrometeorological (precipitation and streamflow) signals. Tree-ring records from both Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang exhibited similar tree-growth variability at both annual and decadal time scales during the common period 1457\u20132009. In Xinjiang and Kyrgyzstan, tree growth was reduced during the\u00a0<\/em>Little Ice Age<\/em><\/a>\u00a0(LIA); however, the timing and magnitude of LIA differ between the two regions. During 1470\u20131660, the two chronologies diverged, and this phenomenon is considered to be caused by a different response to the harsh climate of the LIA. In this study, the tree-ring width series from the upper tree line of the Tien Shan is negatively associated with temperature. As opposed to previous studies, the tree-ring width series from the upper timberline of the Tien Shan appears to respond well to hydrometeorological factors. Therefore, we highlight the need for more detailed ecophysiological response studies for spruce trees at the upper timberline of the Tien Shan, in particular, with regard to the role of water availability and temperature during the growth season.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      forests\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/span><\/h1>

      \u00a0 The Radial Growth of Schrenk Spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) Records the<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0Hydro climatic Changes in the Chu River Basin over the Past 175 Years<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      Ruibo Zhang 1,2,3,*<\/sup>, Bakytbek Ermenbaev 4<\/sup>, Tongwen Zhang 1<\/sup>, Mamtimin Ali 1<\/sup> , Li Qin1<\/sup> and<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      Rysbek Satylkanov 4<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      1 Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration, Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Ecology of Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830002, China; Zhangtw@idm.cn (T.Z.); Ali@idm.cn (M.A.); Qinhappy@sina.com (L.Q.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      2 Climate Change Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      3 Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change\/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      4 Tien-Shan Scientific Center, Institute of Water Problem and Hydropower of National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek 720033, Kyrgyzstan; b.ermenbaev@mail.ru (B.E.); r.satylkanov@gmail.com (R.S.)<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      * <\/em><\/strong>Correspondence: river0511@163.com; Tel.: +86-991-2662971<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Received: 5 January 2019; Accepted: 26 February 2019; Published: 2 March 2019<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Abstract: <\/em><\/strong>The Chu River is one of the most important rivers in arid Central Asia. Its discharge is affected by climate change. Here, we establish a tree-ring chronology for the upper Chu River Basin and analyze the relationships between radial growth, climate, and discharge. The results show that the radial growth of Schrenk spruce (<\/em>Picea schrenkiana <\/em>Fisch. et Mey.) is controlled by moisture. We also reconstruct a 175-year standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for the Chu River Basin. A comparison of the reconstructed and observed indices reveal that 39.5% of the variance occurred during the calibration period of 1952\u20132014. The SPEI reconstruction and discharge variability of the Chu River show consistent long-term change. They also show that the Chu River Basin became increasingly dry between the 1840s and the 1960s, with a significant drought during the 1970s. A long and rapid wetting period occurred between the 1970s and the 2000s, and was followed by increasing drought since 2004. The change in the SPEI in the Chu River Basin is consistent with records of long-term precipitation, SPEI and Palmer Drought Severity Indices (PDSI) in other proximate regions of the western Tianshan Mountains. The hydroclimatic change of the Chu River Basin may be associated with westerly wind. This study is helpful for disaster prevention and water resource management in arid central Asia.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Keywords: <\/em><\/strong>tree rings; Schrenk spruce (<\/em>Piceaschrenkiana<\/em>Fisch. et Mey.); hydroclimatology; Chu River; Tianshan Mountains; climate change; Central Asia<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u041b\u0451\u0434 \u0438 \u0421\u043d\u0435\u0433 2021 \u0422. 61 \u00a0\u2116 1<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u0423\u0414\u041a 551.324.43 doi: 10.31857\/S2076673421010071<\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u044b-\u0422\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c<\/strong><\/span>2021 \u0433. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u0412.\u0412. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043d1*<\/sup>, \u0410.\u0421. \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043e\u04321<\/sup>, \u0420.\u0410. \u0421\u0430\u0442\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043e\u04322,3<\/sup>, \u0411.\u041e. \u042d\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0435\u04322<\/sup><\/span><\/p>

      1 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041c.\u0412. \u041b\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f; <\/em><\/span><\/p>

      2 \u0422\u044f\u043d\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0411\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043a, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d;<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      3 \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438, \u0411\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043a, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Mass balance of the Sary-Tor Glacier reproduced from meteorological data<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      V.V. Popovnin1*<\/sup>, A.S. Gubanov1<\/sup>, R.A. Satylkanov2,3<\/sup>, B.O. Ermenbayev2<\/sup><\/span><\/p>

      1Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; 2Tien Shan alpine research centre, Institute of Water Problems and Hydropower, National<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic; 3Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Received December 30, 2019 \/ Revised October 13, 2020 \/ Accepted December 22, 2020<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Keywords: <\/strong>glacier, Ak-Shiyrak, mass balance, reconstruction, monitoring, ablation, accumulation, air temperature, precipitation sum.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      Summary<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      Mass balance <\/em>bn <\/em>is the most important indicator of a glacier evolution. However, after the decay of the USSR<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      direct measurements of <\/em>bn <\/em>performed in 1985\u20131989 in the Inner Tien Shan, including the Sary-Tor Glacier<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      in Ak-Shiyrak Massif, had been desisted. As a result the available series of the data were limited 1989. Measurements<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      in this area were renewed only in 2015. This paper is devoted to restoring the continuity of the<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      mass-balance series over the period of the gap in measurements and extending this series down to 1929, i.e.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      to the beginning of regular meteorological observations on the reference HMS Tien Shan (3660 m a.m.s.l.).<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Accumulation was reconstructed using a linear relationship of <\/em>bn <\/em>with the air temperature and precipitation<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      sum. Reconstruction of ablation was based on its cubic relationship with the temperature (modified Krenke\u2013<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Khodakov formula) or on two-parameter linear approximation using the air temperature and wind velocity.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Thereby, the decade of direct instrumental measurements (1984\/85\u20131988\/89 and 2014\/15\u20132018\/19) resulted<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      in deriving and analyzing continuous 90-year-long series of annual values of <\/em>bn <\/em>and its constituents, analytical<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      type of referent glacio-meteorological equations being assumed unchanged in time. Reconstruction for the<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Sary-Tor Glacier reveals a dominant trend towards the mass loss with rare and short-time episodes of retarding<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      the negative tendencies. The comparison made with the long series of mass balance of other glaciers in<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Asia indicates a certain degree of synchronicity, which is slightly disturbed in recent years: the degradation of<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Sary Tor Glacier tends to progress more intensively. Conclusions about its evolution are particularly relevant<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      in connection with the assumption about the impact of the Kyrgyz-Canadian gold mining company \u226aKumtor<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Gold Company\u226b on local ecosystems against the background of its interest in expanding the mining zone to<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      the bowels of the Earth under the tongue of this glaciological object.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Citation: <\/em><\/strong>Popovnin V.V., Gubanov A.S., Satylkanov R.A., Ermenbayev B.O. Mass balance of the Sary-Tor Glacier reproduced from meteorological data.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Led i Sneg<\/em>. Ice and Snow. 2021. <\/em>61 (1): 58\u201374. [In Russian]. doi: 10.31857\/S2076673421010071.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0430 30 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2019 \u0433. \/ \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 13 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2020 \u0433. \/ \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 22 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2020 \u0433.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: <\/em><\/strong>\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0410\u043a-\u0428\u0438\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043a, \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433, \u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0432.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      \u041f\u043e \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0413\u041c\u0421 \u0422\u044f\u043d\u044c-\u0428\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043a\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438,<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u044b-\u0422\u043e\u0440 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0410\u043a-\u0428\u0438\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043a. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438<\/em>\u2011<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 1980-\u0435 \u0438 2010-\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0420\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043b\u0430<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0434\u043e 1930 \u0433. \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u044f\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      \u00a0<\/em><\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021JG006269<\/span><\/p>

      The Productivity of Low-Elevation Juniper Forests in Central Asia Increased Under Moderate Warming Scenarios<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      Feng Chen1,2 , Shulong Yu2, Huaming Shang2, Ruibo Zhang2, Tongwen Zhang2, Heli Zhang1, Youping Chen1,2, Rysbek Satylkanov3, Bakytbek Ermenbaev3, Zainalobudin Kobuliev4, Ahsan Ahmadov4, Anvar Kodirov4 , and Bagila Maisupova5<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>

      1 Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China, <\/em><\/span><\/p>

      2 Key Laboratory of Tree-ring Physical and Chemical Research of China Meteorological Administration\/Xinjiang Laboratory of Tree-ring Ecology, Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi, China, <\/em><\/span><\/p>

      3 Tien-Shan Mountain Scientific Center, Institute of Water Problems and Hydro Power, National Academy of Sciences of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, <\/em><\/span><\/p>

      4 Institute of Water Problems, Hydroenergy and Ecology, Academy of Science of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan, <\/em><\/span><\/p>

      5 Almaty Branch of Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Forestry, Ministries of Agriculture, Almaty, Kazakhstan.<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Abstract <\/em><\/strong>Clear trends of warming and wetting have occurred in Central Asia during the last<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      30 years, but how tree growth in low-elevation mountainous areas has responded to climate warming<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      remains unclear. In this paper, we investigated the relationships between Zeravschan juniper (Juniperus<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      seravschanica<\/em>) growth and climate factors based on 16 tree-ring chronologies from low-elevation<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      mountainous areas across Central Asia and then used the resulting model to predict changes in<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      Zeravschan juniper growth during the 21st century. Zeravschan juniper growth in our study region<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      is mainly controlled by precipitation, which is predominantly influenced by tropical sea surface<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      temperatures. The combination of increased precipitation and warm temperatures promoted the growth<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      of Zeravschan juniper during the recent warm period. Our simulations suggest that Zeravschan juniper<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      growth will still increase slightly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in the next 30 years, possibly<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      due to increased precipitation caused by climate warming; however, climate warming will initially show<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      negative effects and is expected to have greater effects after the 2050s. Better knowledge regarding regional<\/em><\/span><\/p>

      climate mechanisms and their likely influences on tree growth is useful for improving forest planning and<\/em><\/span>management in Central Asia.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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